Coastline Under Pressure Case Study : Lyme Bay

What's meant by a coastline under pressure?
A coastline with a lot of human activity that can possibly damage the area.

Lyme Bay

Lyme Bay is a coastline on the South of England that is under pressure.

Scallop Dredgers
The Scallop industry is profitable and generates over £180,000/year. However, scallop dredging involves dragging heavy fishing equipment along the seabed. This causes high levels of physical damage. The dragging stirs up the sediment on the sea floor and smothers sensitive species.
In the long term, this can have a large effect on people who use the bay.

The Wildlife
Around Lyme Bay there are many natural habitats for animals, such as rocky reefs and the like. These areas have lots of sea-grass and maerl. Furthermore, these habitats are nursery grounds for commercially valuable fish. In turn, these fish are the food for sea birds such as the Auks and Gulls.
These habitats are extremely sensitive to physical damage, and must be looked after.

Anglers
Anglers bring a  large amount of money to the local economy, roughly £250,000/year. They mainly fish things such as cod and bass.
However, angling actually has a minimum impact on the marine habitat, but the fishing lines may snag sensitive species, such as Pink Sea Tanks.

Tourism

Tourism brings lots of money to the local economy which can be used on leisure services such as:

• Sightseeing
• Sailing
• Waterskiing
• Jet-Skiing
• Power Boating
• Wind Surfing

The problem is, that you need to have an an attractive and healthy environment to continue to attract tourists, so it is vital for Lyme Bay to remain safe and balanced.

Persecution of Jews

Once in power, Hitler put his anti-Semitic ideas outlined in 'Mein Kampf' into operation. 

• In 1933, Jewish shops and businesses were boycotted.
• In 1934, any Jews who were employed in Civil servant jobs were fired.
• Jews were banned from Public Places.
• The Nuremburg Laws of 1935, took away the Jew's rights to be German citizens. Marriages between Jews and non-Jews were banned.
• Many Jews began to leave Germany
• In November 1938, Jewish shops and synagogues were ransacked and destroyed in Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass).
• Thousands of Jews were arrested over the following weeks, and 30,000 were sent to concentration camps.
• After 1939, the Final Solution (The extermination of Jewish people) began. This resulted in 6m Jews being killed.

Persecution of Other Groups

• Anyone who was not 'Aryan' suffered under the Nazis. Including, Blacks and Gypsies.
• People not 'socially useful' were put into concentration camps. e.g. Mentally and physically ill and tramps.

Why/How did Hitler become Chancellor?

Why/How did Hitler become Chancellor?

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Long Term Reasons (1920s)

1. Anger about WW1 and the Treaty of Versailles.
2. Weaknesses with the current government.
3. Financial Support from wealthy businessmen.
4. Nazi Propaganda.
5. The Stormtroopers (SA) attacked the Jews and those who were opposed to Hitler.
6. Hitler was a brilliant speaker and promised something to everyone.

Short Term Reasons (1929-1933)

1. After the Wall Street crash of 1929, the US called it's loans on Germany, causing the German economy to collapse. Unemployment grew, people starved on the streets. In the crisis people wanted someone to blame, they looked for extreme solutions - Hitler offered both of these.
2. Franz Von Papen was the current chancellor, but he could not get enough support in the Reichstag (due to the Nazis disrupting it). Hidenburg and Von Papen had to govern by emergency decree under Article 48 of the constitution. They offered Hitler the role of Vice-Chancellor, but he demanded to be made Chancellor. On the 30 January 1933, Hitler was made Chancellor.

How did the Depression help the Nazis? 1929

How did the Depression help the Nazis?

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What was the depression?

• In 1929 the Wall Street Crash forced US banks to recall their loans to Germany.
• German industry was hit by a fall in demand and was unable to pay back loans from the USA.
• Millions of workers were unemployed as factories closed down.
• None of the government's methods to combat the Depression had any effect, which brought out all the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic.
• Coalition Groups were formed as different parties disagreed on how to solve the depression. This lead to it being increasingly hard to setup a coalition government.
• After 1929, a presidential emergency was declared, and Germany was ruled by the President.

How did these problems help the Nazis?

The Depression was a gift to Hitler & the Nazis as for every problem the people had, the Nazis had an explanation or a promise.

• The Weimar government is weak: You need strong leadership. Hitler is your man.
• Unemployment? The Nazis will get people back to work through road-building and public works.
• Worried about the communists? Look at the Nazi's SA, they know how to deal with them.

Summary: How did the Nazis do it?

The Depression was only part of the reason that the Nazis had such success. 

• Organisation
• The Nazis were extremely organised. Most of them had been soldiers in WW1, and carried the same obedience and determination with them into the party. They has skilled leaders at almost every level.
• Propaganda
• The Nazi National leaders were masters at propaganda. They trained their local groups with propaganda skills. They knew all the tricks in the book. They stirred up violence at election meetings, just so the SA could crush it and be seen as crushing the communist threat.
• Support of the Industrialists
• Hitler made sure to become friends with some of the rich right-wing parties in order to gain large amounts of financial support.
• Use of Technology
•  Hitler made the use of radio to make sure he really brought his message home, and every home in Germany could hear him. Furthermore, he made good use of aircraft so that Hitler could give up to 4 or 5 speeches at massive rallies each day. This hugely increased the number of people supporting him.
• Promise to Voters
• Every sector of German society heard what it wanted to hear. Workers were promised jobs, Employers were promised profits, farmers were promised higher prices and shopkeepers were promised protection against competition.
• Flexibility
• The Nazis were extremely flexible with their ideas. If an idea was losing them support, they would simply no longer mention it again. For example, they said they would nationalise industry, but the industrialists did not like that, so they simply never mentioned it again. They realised it doesn't matter what you promise, as long as people trust you. Furthermore, they promised many vague things, such as 'making Germany great again'.
• Hitler
• Hitler was the Nazi's party superman. He was the driving force behind things, and he kept improving and improving. He improved his speech writing, and was displayed in propaganda as a physically strong leader. He refused to wear spectacles in public, so had his speeches written in 12mm high print.
• Weakness of Opposition
• Other parties were very weak and consistently underestimated the Nazis. They often just argued amongst themselves, rather than uniting together to overcome the Nazis.

The Nazi Party 1924-33

The Nazi Party, 1924-33

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As the German economy improved, the Nazi party made very little progress. It only held 12 seats in the Reichstag in 1925. However, during this time it gained lots of members. By 1928 it had 100,000 members. Support for the Nazis grew, especially among certain groups of Germans who were attracted by                                                                                                                               nazi ideas.

• Nationalists who wanted to destroy the Treaty of Versailles.
• Racists who hated Jews and thoughts that Germans were superior.
• Business people who feared communism.
• Young people attracted by the parades and the future hope of a 'Great Germany'.

Growth of Support from 1929 to 1933.

Effects of Depression

• The Weimar republic could not solve the problems of Depression.
• The Nazis promised to end the Depression and unemployment.
• The Nazis were well organised and used propaganda to convey their messages. 

Electoral Gains

• 1930 Reichstag Election: 107 seats won.
• July 1932 Reichstag Election: 230 seats won. Largest party.
• November 1923 Reichstag Election: 196 Won. Remains largest party.
• April 1932 Presidential Election: Hitler lost to Hidenburg, but 13 million Germans voted for him.

Nazi Party Early Years & The Munich Putsch

Hitler and the growth of the Nazi Party to 1933

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Early Years, 1920-2

The German Workers' Party was formed in 1919. Hitler joined the party, and quickly became leader, this was mainly due to his amazing skill at public speaking. In 1920, the party was renamed the National Socialist German Wokers' Party, AKA the Nazis. With Hitler as leader, they announced the 25 point programme. This mainly consisted of ideas saying that Germany belong to the Germans so only they should live there, and others, such as Jews, must leave. 

Hitler organised his own private army in 1921, called the SA, (Stormtroopers). They were mostly young men, some used to be Friekorps. They dressed in brown, and were nicknamed the brownshirts. Supposedly, their role was to protect speakers at Nazi meetings from left-wing opponents. But in actual fact, they spent most of their time starting the violence and opponent party's speeches.

The Munich Putsch

Causes

1. Weimar Weaknesses: After the main period of the Weimar, people begun to feel their government was very weak, along with lots of extremist groups being set up. This lead to anger.
2. Nazi Party Growth: During the 1923 Crises, (Occupation of the Ruhr and Inflation). the Nazi party rapidly grew. It went from 6,000 members to 55,000. The SA were desperate for a revolution. Hitler became friends with General Ludendorff (An old German General). Hitler thought the army would follow Ludendorff in a Putsch.
3. Stresemann calling off Passive Resistance in the Ruhr: Every German was furious that Stresemann called off passive resistance in the Ruhr, they felt like he was giving it to France. There was a right-wing revolt in Berlin and the Rhineland declared independence as a result of this. The government had to proclaim a state of emergency.
4. Mussolini's Example: In 1922, Mussolini has seized control of the Italian government by marching on Rome. Hitler wanted to copy this.

Events

8 Nov 1923: Hitler interrupted the Beer Hall meeting, and forced Kahr, the Bavarian Prime Minister, and two officials to support him in overthrowing the Reich government. The SA took over the Army HQ. Jews were beaten up and the anti-Nazi newspaper offices were trashed. However, Hitler then made a mistake by releasing Kahr. Kahr went on to call in the police with army reinforcements.

9 Nov 1923: The Nazis marched on Munich, but got stopped by the police in one street. They had made a blockade. The Nazis tried to push through, but as a result 16 Nazis died, and 3 policeman. Hitler ran off, and got arrested two days later. Whereas Ludendorff kept trying to push on through the blockade, but he got arrested.

Results

The Nazis were defeated and their leaders were arrested. Hitler was arrested and put on trial for treason. He was imprisoned for 9 months and forbidden to speak in public. BUT: Hitler turned his trial into a publicity stunt, giving long speeches. Before the Putsch, no one had really heard of Hitler, but after his trial, he became a national hero, as he went against the idea of stopping passive resistance in the Ruhr.

 Even the judge said he agreed with Hitler, so gave him a short sentence. 

While in Prison, Hitler wrote his book, 'Mein Kampf', this sold in the millions. He set out his beliefs in this book, and made him the leader of right-wing opposition to Weimar. Furthermore, Hitler realised he was not going to gain power by force and rebellion, but in fact he would have to be elected.